COMMON MRI AND MRA TERMS & PHRASES:

3D time-of-flight study

anterior communicating artery

axial images

conus

coronal images

delayed images

distal A1 and proximal A2 segments of the anterior cerebral
artery

FLAIR images

globular increased signal

ICA/ECA complex (MRA of carotid arteries)

mass effect

middle cerebral arteries

MRA of circle of Willis

multiplanar images

neural foraminal

sagittal proton density sequences

sagittal T1 and T2 weighted images

vitamin E gel capsule

Pulmonary Function Test (PFT terms):

a/A ratio

ABG

air trapping

bronchospasm

bronchospastic component

CPAP

DLCO (diffusing capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide)

DPAP (diffuse pressure/airway pressure)

expiratory limb

FEF

FEF 25-75%

FEV1

FEV1:FVC ratio

FiO2

flow-volume loop

IP (intermittent pressure)

IPPB (intermittent positive pressure breathing)

IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation)

lung mechanics

Mallampati airway classification stages

maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

MVV (maximum voluntary ventilation)

obstructive defect.

PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure/PEEP valve)

response to bronchodilators

restrictive lung disorder

RV:TLC ratio

spirometry

TLC (total lung capacity)

TVC (timed vital capacity

Venti mask

Ventilator: assist control mode, tidal volume , FiO2, PEEP
(positive end-expiratory pressure).

EEG TERMS FOR MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTIONISTS:

18-channel digital EEG; 21-channel digital EEG

24-hour ambulatory EEG

alpha activity in the posterior regions

attenuates with eye opening

attenuation

awake stage

background rhythm

bilaterally synchronous and symmetrical

blocks with eye opening

diffuse cortical dysfunction

dominant posterior rhythm

drowsiness

EMG artifacts

epileptiform discharges

eye movement artifacts

hyperventilation

international 10-20 placement system

lateralizing abnormalities

microvolt alpha rhythm

multichannel digital EEG

paroxysmal activities or focal abnormalities

photic stimulation

resting record – well organized and symmetric

rhythmic sharp discharge

slowing of background rhythm

spike-and-wave discharges

stage II sleep

superimposed low voltage fast beta activity

well-organized, well-developed, low voltage

SLEEP STUDY (POLYSOMNOGRAPHY) TERMS:

apnea-hypopnea index

arousal index

Cadwell EZ II system

cardiopulmonary parameters

CPAP

desaturation profile

Epworth sleepiness scale

flexible finger probe pulse oximeter

hypersomnolence

latency to REM sleep

latency to REM sleep

latency to sleep onset

narcolepsy

number of awakenings

obstructive apneas

oxygen desaturation

periodic leg movements

periodic leg movements

Piezoelectric film strain gauges

RDI

sleep architecture

sleep efficiency

slow wave sleep

snoring profile

SpO2

stage I, II, III, IV sleep

thermistor beads

total number of REM events

total recording time

total sleep time

STRESS TEST TERMS:

adenosine

Bruce protocol

Cardiolite

LVH by voltage

maximum blood pressure

Maximum workload attained _____ METS

millicuries technetium tetrofosmin

predicted maximum heart rate

resting electrocardiogram

resting hemodynamics

resting perfusion images

risk stratification

SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging

stress test lab

EMG TERMS:

amplitude

conduction velocity

F-wave latencies

H reflex latency

median and ulnar nerves

median nerve motor distal latency

motor and sensory responses

peroneal nerves

sural sensory nerves

EKG TERMS:

akinetic

aortic root, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle,

aortic/mitral/tricuspid valve

color flow imaging and Doppler study

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy

conduction abnormalities

diastolic function

estimated ejection fraction

global hypokinesis

hypocontractile

intraluminal pathology

pericardial effusion

poor sonic window

suboptimal

systolic excursion

valve leaflets

Electrophysiology study/catheterization Terms:

1:1 VA conduction

AH interval

AV nodal Wenckebach

balloon catheter

Biosense Webster NaviStar catheter

bipolar steroid-eluting screw-in lead

burst atrial pacing

cannulation of the coronary sinus

capture thresholds

cardiac output

carotid sinus massage with a pause

conduction parameters

contractility pattern

Cordis Webster deflectable decapolar catheter

coronary sinus deflectable catheter

coupling interval of

defibrillator lead

detailed mapping

diaphragmatic stimulation

femoral vein

fixed curve Bard quadripolar catheter

fluoroscopic guidance

French Angio-Seal

French introducer

French JL-4 catheter

French peel-away

French pigtail catheter

French sheath

generator

gradient seen on pullback

Guidant inner Rapido catheter

guidewire

His-Purkinje function

HV interval

HV prolongation

ICD lead revision

infra-His block

Integrilin

interelectrode spacing

interrogate

isoproterenol

Isovue (contrast)

J stylet

joules

JR-4 catheter

junctional rhythm

J-wire

LAO projection

left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

long QT syndrome

Medtronic Attain guiding catheter

Medtronic InSync Maxima

myocardial pacing lead

no AH jump

no heart block seen

opening aortic pressure

overdrive ventricular pacing

pacing and sensing

pacing cycle length

power (measured in watts)

PR interval

prepectoral fascial pocket

programmed right ventricular stimulation drive cycle

QRS duration

QT interval

QT prolongation

quadripolar EP catheters

radiofrequency ablation

radiofrequency catheter ablation

RAO view

refractory periods

resistance (in ohms)

RF energy delivery

RV capture threshold

R-wave

Seldinger technique

shock impedance (in ohms)

signal dropout

single premature stimuli

slow pathway area

spanning systole and diastole

SR-0 long sheath

subclavian vein

tachycardia focus

TAXUS stent

Terumo guidewire

thresholds were measured

transesophageal echocardiography

ventricular outflow tract

vessel filling

Visipaque (a radiopaque agent)

Whisper wire

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DATE OF STUDY / DATE OF TEST / DATE OF EEG:

This is a 76-year-old right-handed white female with a history of sudden change in mental status, confusion, possible cerebrovascular accident or seizures.

Routine 21-channel digital EEG was obtained to rule out any seizure activity or focal abnormalities.

FINDINGS:  Background rhythm during awake stage shows poorly organized, low voltage fast beta activity in the anterior regions.  No spike-and-wave discharges or any lateralizing abnormalities are seen.  Almost constant EMG artifacts and tremor artifacts are noted making the study suboptimal.  Photic stimulation did not produce any abnormalities.  Stage II sleep was not observed.

The patient was noted by the technician to be restless and moving all the time during the study and having tremors of the mouth and arms.  Stage II sleep was not achieved.

IMPRESSION:  Suboptimal study, no clear paroxysmal activities or epileptiform discharges were seen.  Prominent beta activity in the anterior regions could be secondary to anxiety or medication effect.

EEG Sample Reports

EEG Sample Report #2

DATE OF STUDY:

This is an outpatient 58-year-old right-handed white male with history of episodes of confusion and staring.  He had an abnormal EEG in the past.

Routine 18-channel digital EEG was obtained to rule out any seizure activity or focal abnormalities.

FINDINGS:  Background rhythm during awake stage shows well-organized, well-developed, average voltage 8 to 9 hertz alpha activity in the posterior regions.  It blocks with eye opening and it is bilaterally synchronous and symmetrical.  No spike-and-wave discharges or any lateralizing abnormalities are seen.  Photic stimulation did not produce any abnormalities. Hyperventilation was performed for 3 minutes.  No abnormalities were found during the procedure.  Intermittent EMG artifacts were seen.  Stage II sleep was not achieved.

IMPRESSION:  Normal awake study.  No epileptiform discharges or any other paroxysmal activities or focal abnormalities seen.  Clinical correlation is recommended.

EEG Sample Report #3

HISTORY:  The patient is complaining of neck pain, previous lumbar surgeries.

The background consists of 9 hertz, symmetric, well-organized 34 microvolts posterior dominant rhythm.  Photic stimulation was performed without a dramatic response.  Hyperventilation was performed for about 3 minutes with good effort. The patient appears to be blinking with some eye movement artifacts and increased amplitude in the background slowing, but no paroxysmal epileptiform features.  The patient becomes drowsy during the recording and does not achieve sleep.  No focal sharp waves, spiking waves, or paroxysmal epileptiform features are seen.  Heart rate is approximately 64 beats per minute and regular.

IMPRESSION:  This is a normal awake and drowsy EEG.  No focal new epileptiform features are seen.  Clinical correlation is suggested.

EEG Sample Report #4

DATE OF STUDY:

The patient has a history of seizures.  This study is done to evaluate his seizures.

This is a multichannel digital EEG recording using the international 10-20 placement system.  The resting record is fairly well organized and symmetric.  A dominant posterior rhythm is seen.  It consists of a 8 hertz 20-70 microvolt alpha rhythm.  This attenuates with eye opening.  During drowsiness, there is mild attenuation and slowing of the background rhythm.  Stage II sleep was not achieved.  Hyperventilation was not performed.  Photic stimulation did not significantly alter the background rhythm.  There was noted the presence of a rhythmic sharp discharge in the right frontocentral region.  This was preceded by some poorly-formed sharpish discharges.  This episode lasted for about 23 to 24 seconds.  Postepisode, there was some attenuation but not much slowing.  No clinical seizure activity was noted by the EEG technician.

IMPRESSION:  This is an abnormal EEG recording because of the presence of right frontal maximal epileptiform discharges.  This would signify some underlying frontal dysfunction of a nonspecific etiology.  Clinical correlation is suggested as to the etiology of this.  If indicated, repeat EEG and/or 24-hour ambulatory EEG monitoring might be useful in the future.

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48-hour ambulatory EEG

admixed sharp waves

alpha activity

alpha waves

artifacts

awake stage

beta activity

beta waves

bilateral spike and wave complexes

bilaterally synchronous and symmetrical

bipolar and monopolar montages

bisynchronous

burst suppression pattern

bursts

bursts of high amplitude

Cadwell EEG equipment

cycles per second

delta frequency

driving response to photic stimulation

drowsiness

electrode artifacts

enhanced beta activity

flash frequencies

frontocentral theta activity

high-voltage waves

intermittent rhythmic delta activity

K complexes

lateralizing abnormalities

low amplitude waves cycling at (xx – xx Hz) where xx represents values (eg, 10-12 Hz)

monomorphic

normal sleep patterns

parieto-occipital sharp waves

phantom spike-and-wave bursts

polymorphic

posterior dominant waveforms

postictal

predominant theta rhythm

psychomotor variant

quasi-periodic fashion

rare sharp waves

reactive to eye opening

REM sleep

rhythmical temporal theta burst

sleep spindles

slow rolling eye movements

spikes

spindle coma

spindling beta

stage II sleep

symmetric posterior rhythm

theta

theta waves

vertex sharp transients

well-organized, well-developed waves

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